The Impact of Cloud-Based Accounting Implementation, Firm Size, and Human Resource Quality on Operational Efficiency in Indonesia's Food and Beverage Industry

Abstract

This study examines the impact of cloud-based accounting implementation, firm size, and human resource quality on operational efficiency in Indonesia's food and beverage industry listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2021–2024 period. The study employs a quantitative explanatory approach using panel data regression analysis. Secondary data were collected from annual reports, sustainability reports, and financial statements of 10 companies, resulting in 40 observations. Operational efficiency was measured using the Operating Expense Ratio (OER), while cloud-based accounting implementation was assessed through content analysis of annual report disclosures. Firm size was measured using the natural logarithm of total assets, and human resource quality was proxied by employee training hours. The results indicate that cloud-based accounting implementation significantly affects operational efficiency. However, the positive coefficient on OER suggests that cloud-based accounting implementation is associated with lower operational efficiency during the observation period. Firm size and human resource quality do not individually have significant effects on operational efficiency. Simultaneously, all independent variables significantly influence operational efficiency. The findings suggest that digital accounting transformation may initially increase operational costs due to implementation and adjustment processes before generating long-term efficiency benefits.